I don’t know anything like that "var get.()", but you can take the builtin __dict__ and take the contents of the key _tclCommands. For this example works.
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()
def click(event):
  print(event.widget.__dict__.get("_tclCommands", "Nenhum valor dentro de _tclCommands"))
  
for x in range(10):
  checkBtVar = Variable()
  ckBt = Checkbutton(root, variable=checkBtVar)
  ckBt.bind("<Button-1>",click)
  ckBt.pack()
UPDATE
Based on your post update, I think this will help you:
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()  
opt = []
ckButtons = []
ckButtons_v = []
def checkbox_clicked():
    for i, item in enumerate(ckButtons):
        opt[i]=(ckButtons_v[i].get())
    print(opt)
for x in range(10):
    ckButtons_v.append(Variable())
    off_value = False
    ckButtons.append(Checkbutton(root, onvalue=True, offvalue=off_value, variable=ckButtons_v[x], command=checkbox_clicked))
    opt.append(off_value)
    ckButtons[-1].deselect()
    ckButtons[-1].pack()
Each time a checkButton is clicked, you will have something like:
[1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
Where 1 is the marked button and 0 is unchecked.
I hope it helps.
							
							
						 
Paul, how could I make a comparison using this method? I wanted the value of the variable to know if Checkbutton was selected or not. type: if widget.checkBtVar == True: >> (NOTE: I fixed the example of the code to make my doubt clearer)
– Junior Lima