The bootstrap is nothing more than a library with multiple classes, so when you use bg-dark, bg-light or bg-danger your element has changed background. Your problem does not seem to be with the library itself, but rather with linking your css class with your html.
Check the example below, where the class is created myBackground who owns the property background-image responsible for setting a background image.
Just pass in your element the class you created and then, the background this element will be amended:
.myBackground {
background-image: url(https://i.imgflip.com/2/34c2k2.jpg);
color: white
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<div class="myBackground">Essa div deve possuir um background-image com base na minha classe definida no css!</div>
</body>
</html>
One of the possible reasons why your background may not be being applied is that it was not possible to find the file you passed as parameter for the url(), check if the specified path actually exists and has the image in question.
Note that this question has been answered several times and is easily found on the site, for example, here and here
Create a [MCVE] that replicates the error so we can analyze what is happening.
– Augusto Vasques