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I was in two trouble:
My file
.ico
was not being accepted by Eclipse, so I took the Eclipse icon, opened in GIMP and changed their respective images/layers to mine in PNG format. When exporting, I unchecked all options to compress images. Set an image for the sizes 16x16, 32x32, 48x48 and 256x256; as 32-bit and 8-bit alpha channel; in addition to an image for the sizes 16x16, 32x32 and 48x48; as 8 bits and 1 bit alpha channel;The export process of my product was picking up the icon of the last export and not what I set. So I changed the Launcher Name on the flap Launching of the archive
.product
, what caused the cache to be updated and the new icon to be used.
OBS: For the second problem, updating the OS icon cache already solves.