None of the answers assigned below are absolute truth. All you asked depends on business rules of each search engine, are just everyday perceptions acquired day by day.
Question 1: On a dynamic website, like a blog, whenever I create a
post I have to manually index the links in google webmaster tools?
No, not at all. Usually if the domain has existed for some time it already has external backlinks pointed at it. Naturally the bots of the serps by some means will have access to your domain and in the process of tracking your pages you end up finding the url of the new post. However this may take time, if you want to try to speed up the processes of tracking, indexing and ranking, you can use a Sitemap to inform new URLS that have been appearing in your domain.
Question 2: How do I know when my post link was indexed in google?
This is simple, just go to google and type : site:http://meudominio.com/pagina
if the result is listed it is because the url indexing process has already been completed. However, you should understand that indexing and ranking are different procedures, the fact that your new page is listed in the SERP does not mean that it is ranked with keywords and receiving traffic.
Question 3: I submit a sitemap.xml, after a few days it is already
Right? I have to submit this sitemap with some
regularity or google will scan in order to keep
updated?
As I said above it doesn’t matter that it has become outdated, by the time it has some input links (backlinks) it will run the tracking process through all pages of your domain regardless of which entry page you used to access the domain, until the timeout defined by internal business rules of each search engine runs out and it comes out. However, the greater the relevance of the domain in the serps, the greater the time dedicated to perform the tracking procedure for the domain in question, and one of the factors that defines the domain authority are internal links of entries and links assigned from third-party websites. These are the famous backlinks.
Question 4: What free software/tools can I use?
What did I mean by that ?
Question 5: When it comes to betting on a Keyword, how is that? Whenever I publish a post I have to put the same keyword?
Nobody builds a domain on programming and talks about candy right? When we talk about betting on Keywords (keywords) it’s because there’s a whole study done around them, to get to know their search volume, Keyword competition rate, which set an average of how many webmasters compete trying to get the keyword, location where the keyword receives the largest volume of search, among many other things. Each page of your blog should be dense on the content that is being dealt with to demonstrate that the SERPS set titles with HTML markup are the famous H1... H6, in addition the title of the page should contain an abstract description of the subject focused on the keywords worked in the article, among many other things. These combinations of factors is what makes the page a pretender to acquire keywords in Rp. However there are millions of approaches to be studied on the web, it is not enough to open a post and write 500 thousand times the same word you want to get, search engines know how to analyze and separate what is a page with dense content and a page practicing tag spam.
Question 6: Redirect 200? What is it? How to do it correctly?
Redirect 200????? There is such a thing!!! I know 301 redirect. Code 200 is the code assigned by the web server to a successful page request, 301 redirects are used to migrate domains or pages from a website. Whenever you want to exchange a domain name or change the url of a page (post), you should use a 301 redirect, when you redirect a url using 301 the relevance assigned to the source page is passed by serps to the new url. No damage to the traffic you have already purchased. It is indicative to serps, that you want to change the url that hosted a particular content.
As I said above, SEO is a science not exact should be used not only the information above but also the instinct and sensitivity to get good positions.
Good Luck!
I think you’d better ask a new question because the answer to that would become a book.
– Leonardo Bonetti